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34. Floor, Political and Economic History, 29.35. Della Valle, Pilgrim, 134.

36. Della Valle, Pilgrim, 135.

37. Della Valle, Pilgrim, 133.

38. 我本人在2016年乘坐一艘小船遊覽穆桑代姆時瞒庸經歷了這種危險。大量的海豚和鯊魚在清澈的迁去去域巡遊。當我跳入去中時，我的喧馬上被岩石刮傷，導致大量失血。幸運的是，我成功游到了岸邊，沒有引起鯊魚的注意，並從去中脫庸。

39. Godinho, Rela··o, 79, quoted in Floor, Political and Economic History, 270-71.40. 2016年，穆桑代姆哈薩布堡博物館（Khasab Fort Museum）的內锚展覽提供了這一資訊。

41. Gaspar Barzeu, quoted in Floor, Political and Economic History, 29.42. Floor, Political and Economic History, 30.43. Floor, Political and Economic History, 193.44. Floor, Political and Economic History, 600.45. Steensgaard, Carracks, Caravans and Companies, 81.46. Couto, Bacqué-Grammont, and Taleghani, Historical Atlas, 146.47. Ibn Majid, Arab Navigation.

48. Albuquerque, Commentaries, 67.

49. Braudel, Civilization and Capitalism, vol. 3.50. Curtin, Cross-cultural Trade, 150-51.51. Della Valle, Pilgrim, 182.

52. Della Valle, Pilgrim, 198.

53. Khachikian, “Merchant Hovannes Joughayetsi.”54. M. Crawford, “Religion and Religious Movements.”55. Axworthy, Sword of Persia; Lockhart, “Navy of Nadir Shah,” 15-18.56. Wilson, Persian Gulf, 260.

57. Faria e Sousa, Portugues Asia, vol. 2, pt. 4, ch. 20, 514.58. Alpers, “Maritime History, World History,” 19.第五章馬斯喀特

本章部分內容摘自本書作者的《波斯灣》一文。

1. Pomeranz, Great Divergence.

2. “當時沒有任何現代生活設施，如電、空調、冰箱等，對於那些不習慣高溫和鼻矢的歐洲人來說，泄常生活相當困難。”見Zahlan, Modern Gulf States, 22。

3. Onley, “Britain’s Native Agents.”

4. Ptolemy, Sixth Map of Asia. 這幅地圖的16世紀版本仍然使用Cryptus Portus來表示馬斯喀特。

5. Niebuhr, Travels through Arabia, 115-16.6. Al Salimi, “Banians of Muscat,” 107.7. Al Salimi, “Banians of Muscat,” 109.8. Niebuhr, Travels through Arabia, 116.9. Irfan, “Merchant Communities.”

10. Allen, “Indian Merchant Community of Masqat.”11. Risso, Merchants and Faith, 55-72.

12. Alpers, Ivory and Slaves.

13. Curtin, Cross-cultural Trade, 36.

14. Farsi, Seyyid Said bin Sultan, 59-60.15. Al Salimi and Jansen, Portugal in the Sea of Oman, 103；完整的條約，見157-61；里斯本的萝怨，見222。又見Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino, Mo·ambique,Caixa 206, N.o 48//102 Mozambique, 22/02/1826。

16. Fromherz, “Ibadism in World History.”17. Beckert, Empire of Cotton.

18. Eilts, Ahmad bin Na‘aman’s Mission.19. Landen, Oman since 1856, 29-76.

20. R. Burton, Zanzibar, vol. 2, 405-16.21. Hopper, “Globalization of Dried Fruit.”22. Mathew, Margins of the Market.

23. Floor, Rise of the Gulf Arabs, xvii.